原文标题:
New arrivals, old problems
Why migration is in such a mess once more
Violence and poverty are pushing the desperate towards jobs and safety

新移民,老问题

为什么移民问题再次陷入困境?

暴力和贫困迫使绝望的人们另寻工作和安全

[Paragraph 1]

ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION is taxing governments on both sides of the Atlantic.

非法移民正在给大西洋两岸的政府带来压力。

The maritime migration route between west Africa and the Canary Islands, a passage so dangerous it was avoided for years, is back in use: some 30,000 people have attempted the crossing so far in 2023.

西非和加那利群岛之间的海上移民路线是一条危险重重的通道,多年来人们一直避而远之,如今又重新启用:截至 2023 年,已有约3万人尝试海上路线。

Countries like Germany, once friendly to asylum-seekers, are slashing benefits and hastening deportations.

曾经对难民友好的德国等国正在削减福利,加速驱逐出境。

This year half a million people may traverse the Darién Gap, part of the isthmus that links Colombia to Panama, to reach the United States. That is more than four times as many as attempted the crossing throughout the 2010s.
今年,可能有 50 万人穿越达连峡谷(连接哥伦比亚和巴拿马的峡谷)到达美国。这是 2010 年代穿越人数的4倍多。

[Paragraph 2]
This human drama exists alongside a quieter increase in authorised migration.
这出人间戏剧上演的同时,经批准的移民人数也在悄然增加。
A recent report from the OECD, a club mainly of rich countries, found that its 38 members accepted a record 6.1m immigrants permanently last year.
经合组织(一个主要由发达国家组成的俱乐部)最近的一份报告显示,其38个成员国去年永久接纳了创纪录的610万移民。
The Economist’s own calculations show immigration to rich countries increasing at its fastest pace in the 15-year period for which we have reliable data (see chart 1 ).
《经济学人》根据自己掌握的可靠数据计算表明,发达国家的移民数量在15 年来以最快的速度增长(见图 1)。
Across the OECD, around 10% of people live in countries they were not born in.
在经合组织中,约有10% 的人生活在非出生地国家。

[Paragraph 3]
The statistics derive from a range of factors pushing people to move, and to a host of enticements pulling them towards Western countries.
这些统计数据源自一系列推动因素和吸引因素,推动因素使人们迁出,吸引因素使人们向西方国家前进。
When it comes to the pushes, conflict in parts of Europe, the Middle East and sub-Saharan Africa is driving millions elsewhere. (Some 4.7m Ukrainians have fled their country, at least temporarily, for Europe.)

就推动因素而言,欧洲部分地区、中东和撒哈拉以南非洲地区的冲突正在驱使数百万人迁移到其他地方。(约有470万乌克兰人逃离祖国,至少是暂时逃离祖国,前往欧洲。)

Grinding poverty also pushes people to move, as does crime and gang violence.
严重贫困、犯罪和帮派暴力也迫使人们迁移。


[Paragraph 4]
Now for the pulls. Most migration, of any sort, takes place within regions, rather than from the poor to rich world.

就吸引因素而言,大多数移民,不管是什么类型,都是在地区内部进行的,而不是从穷国迁移到富国。

But the relative safety of Western countries is one factor drawing migrants with the means to get to them.Tight labour markets in rich countries are another big attraction.

但西方国家相对安全的环境是一个吸引移民前往的因素。发达国家的紧张劳动力市场是另一个重要吸引因素。

Over 70% of migrants across the OECD’s countries are in work, a number that continues to climb. Average wages in the EU are now over 12 times those in sub-Saharan Africa.
在经合组织成员国中70%以上的移民有工作,而且这一数字还在持续攀升。目前,欧盟的平均工资是撒哈拉以南非洲地区的 12 倍多。


[Paragraph 5]

The numbers wishing to migrate will only grow in the coming years.

未来几年,想要移民的人数只会越来越多。

Some worry that climate change could spark an exodus.

有些人担心气候变化会引发移民潮。

A bigger concern, from the perspective of rich countries, concerns demography: as they grow older they will need more imported labour.

从发达国家的角度来看,他们更担心的是人口问题:随着年龄的增长,他们将需要更多的外来劳动力。

For decades net migration in a cluster of rich countries has accounted for a greater share of the total population than do net births (see chart 2).

几十年来,一些发达国家的净移民人数占总人口的比例一直高于净出生人数(见图2)。

Nearly 15m German residents, 18% of the population, are first-generation immigrants—a higher share than America at its peak in 1890.
近 1500 万德国居民(占总人口的 18%)是第一代移民,这比美国1890年的高峰时期的比例还高。

[Paragraph 6]
Diverging definitions
定义分歧
Officials overseeing borders are struggling to navigate the situation—let alone the migrants trying to cross them.
监管边境的官员正艰难地处理这一局面--更不用说试图穿越边境的移民了。

Part of the problem is that the complexity of people’s migratory journeys is blurring a distinction that international law upholds rigidly.

部分问题在于,人们移民过程的复杂性使国际法严格规定的定义变得模糊不清。

It is between refugees—those unable to return to their countries of origin owing to “a well-founded fear of being persecuted” who seek help through asylum systems—and other migrants.

例如难民与其他移民的区别,难民是指那些由于 "有充分理由担心受到迫害 "而无法返回原籍国,并通过庇护系统寻求帮助的人。

The numbers claiming asylum in OECD countries last year reached a record high of 2m people.

去年,在经合组织国家申请庇护的人数达到创纪录的200万人。

Tension builds because anyone arriving in a signatory country to the UN Refugee Convention of 1951 may lodge an asylum claim.

由于任何抵达1951年《联合国难民公约》签署国的人都可以提出庇护申请,因此移民紧张情况日益加剧。

That thwarts governments’ efforts to keep newcomer numbers down.
这使得政府限制移民的政策遇到了障碍。


[Paragraph 7]

What happens if someone fleeing misery also wants a job?

如果一个逃离苦难的人还想找一份工作,会发生什么?

Organised labour-migration schemes are far too small to manage either the supply of migrant labour or the demand for it.

有组织的劳工移民计划规模太小,无法管理移民劳工的供应或需求。

That can leave asylum systems as one of the only channels through which migrants may enter countries without risk of immediate deportation.

这就使得庇护系统成为移民进入各国而不会立即被驱逐出境的唯一渠道之一。

Underfunded and overwhelmed, many are buckling.

由于资金不足和不堪重负,许多劳工移民计划都在濒临崩溃。

Rich countries find themselves caught: how to balance the needs of economies beset by demography and tight labour markets with the delicate politics of immigration and asylum?
发达国家陷入两难境地:如何平衡受人口结构和劳动力市场紧张影响的经济需求,与移民和庇护的微妙政治之间的关系?


(恭喜读完,本篇英语词汇量664/1949左右,有删减)

精读笔记来源于:自由英语之路

本文翻译整理: Irene

本文编辑校对: Irene
仅供个人英语学习交流使用。

【补充资料】(来自于网络)
《联合国难民公约》在1951年7月28日联合国难民和无国籍人地位全权代表会议通过。1954年4月22日生效。截至1997年1月1日,缔约国为128个。公约共46条,主要有定义难民、难民权利、非歧视原则、难民地位、责任共担等内容。“难民”一词是指由于1951年1月1日以前发生的事情并因有正当理由畏惧由于种族、宗教、国籍、属于某一社会团体或具有某种政治见解的原因留在其本国之外,并且由于此项畏惧而不能或不愿受该国保护的人;或者不具有国籍并由于上述事情留在他以前经常居住国家以外而现在不能或由于上述畏惧不愿返回该国的人。

【重点句子】(3个)
Grinding poverty also pushes people to move, as does crime and gang violence.

严重贫困、犯罪和帮派暴力也迫使人们迁移。

But the relative safety of Western countries is one factor drawing migrants with the means to get to them.Tight labour markets in rich countries are another big attraction.
但西方国家相对安全的环境是一个吸引移民前往的因素。发达国家的紧张劳动力市场是另一个重要吸引因素。

Rich countries find themselves caught: how to balance the needs of economies beset by demography and tight labour markets with the delicate politics of immigration and asylum?
发达国家陷入两难境地:如何平衡受人口结构和劳动力市场紧张影响的经济需求,与移民和庇护的微妙政治之间的关系?

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