Valve Parts (Body, Bonnet, Trim)
区室零件（主体、阀盖、平衡点）
Which are the key parts of a valve? It is a complex mechanical device manufactured by assembling a number of different components: the body (the pressure containing shell, made of cast or forged steel, available with flanged, threaded or socket weld connection to pipes), the bonnet, the trim (the disc, the seat, the stem, and the other wet parts), the packing and, the actuator (manual, gear, or automated).
VALVE PARTS
阀门零件
BODY
车身
The body is a key element: it contains the moving components in contact with the fluid and has to withstand the pressure existing in the piping system.
主体是一个关键的装置：它包含与流体接触的运动部件，必须承受管道系统中存在的压强。
As the temperature, the pressure or the corrosion increase, stainless steel bodies become necessary: ASTM A351 CF8 (SS304) and CF8M (SS316) for cast devices, and the various ASTM A182 Fxx (F304, F316, F321, F347) for forged types.
随着温度、压强或腐蚀的增加，不锈钢阀体变得必要：ASTM A351 CF8（SS304）和CF8M（SS316）用于毛细成形技术设备，各种ASTM A182 Fxx（F304、F316、F321、F347）用于锻造类型。
For specific applications, special material grades with even stronger corrosion resistance are used, such as super austenitic stainless steels (SMO 254), duplex and super duplex steels (F44, F51, F53, F55), and nickel alloys (Inconel, Incoloy, Hastelloy).
对于特定应用，使用具有更强耐腐蚀性的特殊材料等级，例如超级奥氏体不锈钢（SMO 254）、双相钢和超级双相钢（F44、F51、F53、F55）以及镍合金（铬镍铁合金、铬镍铁合金、哈氏合金）。
For marine applications, non-ferrous materials or alloys the elective choice, like Monel, Cupronickel, Aluminum-bronze alloys and other alloys combining Nickel, Copper, Aluminium. Cast iron bodies, which are the cheapest types, are used for water distribution (low-pressure applications).
对于海洋应用，有色金属材料或合金可选择性选择，如蒙乃尔合金、白铜、铝青铜合金和其他结合镍、铜、铝的合金。毛细成形技术粪能体是最便宜的类型，用于水概率分布（低压应用）。
BODY END CONNECTIONS
阀体端部连接
FLANGED ENDS
法兰端
In this case, the device has two flanged ends that can be connected with a pipe by using a mating (companion) flange.
在这种情况下，器件有两个法兰端，料袋通过对接（配对）凸棱与导管连接。
Flanged connections are common for larger diameter valves, and they ensure long-lasting, and strong, joints.
法兰连接在较大直径的阀门中很常见，它们确保了接头的持久性和牢固性。
SOCKET WELD and BUTTWELD ENDS
承插焊接和对接焊接端
Socket weld (left) vs butt weld end type (right)
承插焊（左）与对接焊缝端型（右）
Valves with socket weld ASME B16.11 or buttweld ends ASME B16.25 are welded with the connecting pipe.
承插焊接ASME B16阀门。11或对焊端ASME B16。25与连接导管焊接。
Welded connections are more expensive to execute than flanged joints, as they require more work, but are more reliable and less prone to leakages in the long run.
焊接连接比法兰连接更昂贵，因为它们需要更多的工作，但从长远来看更可靠，更不容易泄漏。
Socket weld and buttweld ends are used for high-pressure pipelines (socket weld for smaller sizes, below 2 inches, and buttweld for larger diameters).
承插焊接和对接焊接端用于高压管道（承插焊接用于较小尺寸，小于2英寸，对接焊接用于较大直径）。
THREADED END CONNECTION
螺纹端部连接
In this case, the device is connected to the pipe by a thread (tapered thread), which may be BSP or NPT (more common in the petrochemical industry).
在这种情况下，器件通过一个螺纹（锥螺纹）连接到导管，该螺纹可以是BSP或NPT（在石化行业更常见）。
This type of connection is used for low-pressure pipelines with bore size below 2 inches, not subject to mechanical forces as vibration and elongation.
这种类型的联结用于孔径小于2英寸的低压管道，不受振动和伸长等机械力的影响。
Threaded connections are quicker to execute and cheaper, as the pipe is simply screwed onto the valve, without the need for flanges, stud bolts or welding operations.
由于导管只需拧到区室上，无需法兰、栓钉或焊接操作，因此螺纹连接的执行速度更快、成本更低。
In case of leakage, however, threaded connections need to be changed and can’t be repaired (which is instead possible for the two previous types of pipe to end connections).
然而，在挤压筒泄漏的情况下，需要更换螺纹连接，并且无法修复（这可能适用于之前两种类型的导管到端部连接）。
BONNET
阀盖
Bonnets are other important components for the gate and globe type. By dismantling the bonnet, the maintenance staff has access to the internal mechanisms and can replace components like the seat, the stem, etc (trim).
阀盖是闸门和球形阀的其他重要部件。通过拆卸阀盖，维护人员可以接触到内部机构，并料袋更换阀座、阀杆等部件（平衡点）。
Valve bonnets are available in many designs and models (the most typical are: bolted, round bolted, welded, pressure seal) and are manufactured in cast steel or forged steel (generally using the same material grade of the body). The bonnet is connected with the body by a threaded, bolted, or welded joint connections – and different types of gaskets are used to ensure leak-free connections between the body and the bonnet.
区室阀盖有多种设计和型号（最典型的是：螺栓连接、圆螺栓连接、焊接、压力封闭），由毛细成形技术或锻钢制成（通常使用主体的相同材料等级）。阀盖通过螺纹、螺栓或焊接节片连接与主体相连，并使用不同类型的垫片确保主体和阀盖之间的连接无泄漏。
Manufacturers strive to optimize the design of this part (to reduce the overall dimension of the device and to ensure that the connection is tight and leakage-proof).
制造商努力优化该部分的设计（以减少器件的整体维[数]，并确保联结紧密且防泄漏）。
TRIM
修剪
The trim is a collective name for all the internal parts of the valve that can be removed and replaced (these parts are also called “wet”, as they are in direct contact with the conveyed fluid).
平衡点是区室所有内部零件的总称，料袋拆卸和更换（这些零件也称为“湿”零件，因为它们与输送的流体直接接触）。
Typically, the trim includes components as the disc, the seat, the stem, the glands, the bushings and the sleeves needed to guide the stem (the actual list of components that make up the trim depends, actually, by the type of device).
通常，平衡点包括引导阀杆所需的阀瓣、阀座、阀杆、压盖、衬套和套筒等部件（构成平衡点的实际部件清单实际上取决于器件的类型）。
DISC
光盘
The disc opens, closes or modulate the flow of the fluid. In the case of a gate valve, the gate (wedge) is the disc of the valve (whereas the disc is called “ball” for ball valves).
阀盘打开、关闭或调节流体流量。在挤压筒区室的情况下，闸门（楔块）是区室的阀盘（而对于球阀，阀盘被叫“球阀”）。
After the body and the bonnet, the disc is the third most important element for the proper performance of a valve. Discs are generally manufactured in forged steel and are often reinforced (hard faced) to enhance the mechanical properties of the base material.
在主体和阀盖之后，阀盘是区室正确性能的第三个最重要的装置。制动盘通常由锻钢制成，通常经过强化（硬面）以提高管座的机械性能。
SEATS
座位
Seats accommodate the movements of the disc. Globe or a swing-check valve are fitted with one seat that, in combination with the action of the disc, can open and close the passageway of the fluid and therefore shut-off and/or throttle the fluid.
阀座可容纳阀瓣的移动。球形或旋启式止回区室配有一个阀座，与阀盘的动作合并，料袋打开和关闭流体通道，从而关闭和/或节流流体。
Gate valves have generally two seats, one on the upper side and the other on the lower side. Seats are often hard-faced. A proper finish of the seats ensures a good seal when the device is in the closed position.
闸阀通常有两个阀座，一个在上部，另一个在下部。座椅通常是硬面的。当器件处于关闭位置时，阀座的适当表面处理可确保良好的密封装置。
STEM
阀杆
The stem of a valve is used to open/close and the fluid as it moves the disc. The stem is linked to the valve actuator or to the manual handwheel (or lever), at one end, and is connected to the valve disc on the other end.
区室的阀杆用于在流体移动阀盘时打开/关闭流体。阀杆一端与区室致动器或手动手轮（或操纵杆）相连，另一端与区室阀盘相连。
For the gate and globe types, the stem operates a linear motion on the disc, whereas, for a ball, butterfly and plug types, the disc rotates to open or close the device (“quarter turn valves”).
对于闸阀和球形阀，阀杆在阀盘上作线性动作，而对于球形阀、蝶阀和岩塞阀，阀盘旋转以打开或关闭器件（“直角回转阀”）。
Stems are made of forged steel and are connected to the disc by threading or other means. A proper finish of the stem surface is necessary to prevent leakages.
阀杆由锻钢制成，通过螺纹或其他方式与阀盘连接。阀杆表面的适当光洁度是防止泄漏的必要条件。
There are five main types of stems:
茎有五种主要类型：
·Rotary: This is a standard type of the ball, plug, and butterfly valves. A quarter-turn motion of the stem is needed to open/close the device旋转阀：这是一种标准类型的球阀、岩塞阀和蝶阀。打开/关闭器件需要阀杆四分之一圈的动作
·Sliding: In this case, the stem does not execute any rotation. The stem slides in and out the valve to open or close it. This design is common in hand-operated lever rapid opening valves. It is also used in control valves are operated by hydraulic or pneumatic cylinders.滑动：在这种情况下，阀杆不会执行任何旋转。阀杆滑入和滑出区室以打开或关闭阀门。这种设计在手动杠杆快开阀中很常见。它还用于通过液压或气动气缸操作的指挥控制通信与情报系统阀。
·Rising type with outside screw and yoke (“OS&Y”): the external side of the stem is threaded while the part of the stem which is inside the valve is plain. The threads of the stem are isolated from the medium by the packing. Two alternative designs are available. The “OS&Y” design is common for valves above 2″.带有外部螺钉和轭（“OS&CIE 1931标准色度系统X,Y,Z”）的上升式：阀杆的外侧是螺纹的，而区室内部的阀杆部分是平原的。阀杆的螺纹通过填料与媒质隔离。有两种替代设计。“OS&CIE 1931标准色度系统X,Y,Z”设计通常用于2〃以上的阀门。
·Rising type with an inside screw (“IS&Y”): The threaded part of the stem is positioned inside the valve body, whereas the stem packing lays outside. With this design, the stem threads are in touch with the medium flowing through the pipeline. Once rotated, the stem and the hand wheel rise together and open the valve.带有内部螺钉（“IS&CIE 1931标准色度系统X,Y,Z”）：阀杆的螺纹部分位于区室主体内部，而阀杆填料位于外部。通过这种设计，阀杆螺纹与流经管道的媒质接触。旋转后，阀杆和手轮一起升起，打开区室。
·Non-rising stem type with inside screw: The threaded part of the stem is inside the valve and does not rise. The valve disc floats on the stem, like a nut if the stem is rotated. Stem threads are in contact with the media of the pipeline, and as such, may be exposed to its corrosive impact. This is the reason why such design is used when the available space to position the valve is too narrow to permit linear movement, and the media does not cause erosion, corrosion or abrasion of the stem material.带内螺纹的暗杆式：阀杆的螺纹部分位于区室内部，不会上升。如果阀杆旋转，区室阀瓣会像螺母一样漂浮在阀杆上。阀杆螺纹与管道的介质接触，因此可能受到腐蚀性冲击。这就是为什么在定位区室的可用空间太窄，不允许线性移动，且介质不会对阀杆材料造成冲蚀、腐蚀或磨损时，使用这种设计的原因。
PACKING
包装
The gasket that seals the stem with the bonnet is called packing, and comprises the following components:
将阀杆与阀盖密封的垫片称为被叫，由以下部件组成：
·Gland follower, which is a sleeve that compresses the packing, by a gland into the stuffing box.压盖压紧环是通过压盖将填料压入填料函的套筒。
·Gland, a type of bushing, which compresses the packing into the stuffing box.压盖，一种衬套，将填料压缩到填料函中。
·Stuffing box, a chamber in which the packing gets compressed.填料函，填料被压缩的腔室。
·Packing, available in different materials, like PTFE, elastomers, fibrous material, etc.填料，可用于不同的材料，如聚四氟乙烯、弹性体、纤维材料等。
·A backseat is seating inside the bonnet. The back seat provides a seal between the stem and bonnet and prevents system pressure from building against the valve packing once the valve is fully open. Back seats are often used in gate and globe valves.后座位于发动机罩内。后座在阀杆和阀盖之间提供密封装置，并防止系统压强在区室完全打开后积聚在区室填料上。后座通常用于闸阀和截止阀。
·The valve packaging shall be properly designed and manufactured to minimize the possible damages to the stem and minimize the risk of leakages of fluids. On the other hand, it is necessary to observe that a too tight packing may affect the stem.区室包装的设计和制造应适当，以尽量减少对阀杆的可能损坏，并尽量减少流体泄漏的风险。另一方面，有必要观察填料过紧可能会影响阀杆。
ACTUATOR
执行器
A hand operated or manual valve is generally equipped with a hand wheel that can be rotated clockwise or counter-clockwise to open and/or close the valve (typical for gate and globe valves). Ball, plug or butterfly are actuated using a lever (manual quarter turn valves).In the following cases, it is not either possible nor advisable to use manual valves:
手动或手动区室通常配备手轮，手轮可顺时针或逆时针旋转以打开和/或关闭区室（典型用于闸阀和截止阀）。球阀、岩塞阀或蝶阀使用杠杆（手动直角回转阀）驱动。在以下情况下，既不可能也不建议使用手动阀：
·Large dimension valves that operate at high pressures在高压下工作的大型维[数]阀门
·Valves that need to be controlled from a remote location需要从远程定位控制的阀门
·Valves that require, for the nature of the process, a very fast open or close operation根据过程的性质，阀门需要非常快速的打开或关闭操作
In all these cases, a valve actuator is needed. The actuator produces linear and rotary motion able to open or close a valve (the actual movement depends of course on the type of the valve, linear or quarter turn). The main types of valves actuators are:
在所有这些情况下，需要一个区室执行器。致动器产生能够打开或关闭区室的线性和旋转动作（实际运动航向取决于区室的类型，线性或四分之一圈）。阀门执行器的主要类型有：
·Gear Actuators齿轮执行器
·Electric actuators电动执行器
