双语丨词根，词干、词基 root，stem、base
七公子Lee2021-05-25 12:44
As was mentioned in before Section,a root is the basic part of a word that cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity.
正如在之前章节中提到的，词根是单词的基本部分，如果进一步分析，就会失去全部的身份。
In other words,a “root” is that part of the word left when all the affixes are removed.
换句话说，“词根”是单词中去掉词缀后剩下的部分。
"Internationalism"is a four-morpheme derivative which keeps its free morpheme "nation” as its root when “inter-”,"-al”and “- ism"are taken away.
“国际主义”是一个四词素派生词，去掉“inter-”、“- al”和“- ism”后，仍以自由词素“nation”为词根。
Different from the term “root”,both of the terms “base”and “stem”are used to talk about such a form to which an affix will be attached.
与术语“root”不同，“base”和“stem”这两个词都是用来谈论这种形式，这种形式并有一个词缀附加在上面。
If we are going to attach a derivational affix, we will call the form a base.
如果我们要附加一个派生词缀，我们把这个形式称为词基。
But if we are going to attach an inflectional affix,we call the form a stem.
但是如果我们要附加一个屈折词缀，我们把这个形式称为词干。
But we have to see that the term “base” is a more general term.
但是我们必须看到，“词基”这个词是一个更一般的词。
It can be a form that is a root and it can be a form that contains some affixes already.
它可以是一个词根形式，也可以是一个已经包含一些词缀的形式。
Just take agree and disagree for example.
Either of them can be a base if we are going to attach a derivational affix -ment to it.
就拿agree和disagree来说吧。
它们都可以是词基 如果我们要给它加上一个派生词缀-ment。
Similarly, the term ‘stem' is also more covering.
类似地，“词干”一词的含义也更广泛。
It can be a form that is a root or it can be a form that contains some affixes already.
它可以是一个词根形式，也可以是已经包含一些词缀的形式。
For example, either open or reopen can be a stem if we are going to attach an inflectional morpheme -ed to it.
例如，open或reopen都可以是一个词干 如果我们要给它们加上一个屈折词素-ed。
In fact， a stem can be any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be added.
事实上，词干可以是任何词素或者词素组合，并且有一个曲折词缀附加在上面。
It may be the same as, and in other cases, different from ,a root.
它可能与词根相同，在其他情况下可能与词根不同。
For example, in the word friends, friend is both the root and the stem, but in the word friendships, friendship is its stem, while friend is its root.
例如，在单词friends中，friend既是词根也是词干，但是在单词friendship中， friendship是它的词干，而friend是它的词根。
Some words like compounds have more than one root,e.g. mailman, girlfriend,etc.
有些词如复合词不止一个词根。邮差,女朋友,等等。
when we are going to attach a suffix -ing to the form eat, we call the form eat a stem in that what we are going to add to the form is an inflectional affix.
当我们把后缀-ing加到eat的时候，我们把eat的形式叫做词干，因为我们要在这个形式后面加一个屈折词缀。
The word class, or part of speech, of the word eat has not been changed after the suffix -ing is attached to it.
单词eat的词性在加后缀-ing后并没有改变。
When we are going to attach a suffix -able to the form eat, we call the same form eat a base in that what we are going to add to the form is a derivational affix.
当我们要给eat这个形式加上一个后缀-able时，我们把这个形式eat称为词基，因为我们要加在这个形式后面的是一个派生词缀。
The word class of the word eat has been changed into an adjective after the suffix is added to it.
eat这个词的词类在加后缀后变成了形容词。
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