【国内文旅】世界文化遗产之曲阜三孔（中英双语）
路美文化2021-03-27 15:51
“孔子是公元前6世纪到公元前5世纪中国春秋时期伟大的哲学家、政治家和教育家。孔夫子的庙宇、墓地和府邸位于山东省的曲阜。孔庙是公元前478年为纪念孔夫子而新建的，千百年来屡毁屡建，到今天已经发展成超过100座殿堂的建筑群。孔林里不仅容纳了孔夫子的坟墓，而且他的后裔中，有超过10万人也葬在这里。当初小小的孔宅如今已经扩建成一个庞大显赫的底邸，整个宅院包括了152座殿堂。曲阜的古建筑群之所以具有独特的艺术和历史特色，应归公于2000多年来中国历代帝王对孔夫子的大力推崇。”“它们与著名的思想家和教育家孔子有紧密的联系，2000多年来，它都是历代封建王朝供奉的对象。它是中国漫长历史时期宗教艺术和建筑的最杰出的代表。”这是1994年，曲阜孔庙、孔林、孔府被列入世界遗产名录时，世遗委员会给予的评价。
公元前551年，孔子诞生于山东曲阜，时称鲁国，是西周周公旦之子伯禽封地。当时这片土地对周代文化典籍保存完好，有着“礼乐之邦”的美称，这直接影响着孔子思想的形成。孔子名丘，字仲尼，是家中的第二子。因出生于一个没落的贵族世家，再加上早年丧父，家境愈加贫困。但他15岁便立志学习，博览群书；到30岁日，他开始授业解惑，渐渐成为个拥有弟子三千的大教育家。为实现自己的政治抱负与理想，55岁高龄的孔子开始了周游列国的游说生涯，但终不得重用，直到68岁才回到故里。在此后5年的生命时光里，孔子开始专心整理古籍，删诗书、定礼乐，用实际行动为后世留下了珍贵的文化宝藏。他集古圣先贤于一身，创立了以仁政德治为核心的儒家学说，并被各朝各代统治者奉为正统思想与学说，根植于后世每一位中国人的心中，至今仍影响深远。
也正是因为中国历代封建王朝为了显示对孔子及其儒家思想的推崇，才有了对其故里——曲阜的一系列建设与保护，其中首要的当属规模宏大的孔庙、孔林与孔府，虽经过2000多年的风雨与战乱，仍完好保存于世人面前。
孔庙
孔庙是由孔子故居逐渐演变而来的，在这2000多年时间里，它从最初的三间破屋扩展至明中期占地327亩、气势磅礡的建筑群，先后经历了12位帝王20次亲身到场举行的祭祀典礼，可以见孔子在中国历史中倍受推崇的地位。而事实上，孔庙也从最初祭祀孔子一人，发展至后来涵盖了历代儒学大家和先贤等173人祭祀殿堂，其中包括韩愈、朱熹、岳飞等。
而事实上，经过历史的演变，孔庙更成为了一种祭祀孔子和儒学的礼制性建筑概念，成为庙学合一体，走出曲阜、遍布全国，甚至延展至日本、朝鲜半岛和越南。
曲阜孔庙贯穿于一条南北中轴线上，左右对称，三路布局，形成九进院落，现存金、元、明、清历代建筑100余座，它与北京故宫、承德避暑山庄并称为中国三大古建筑群。
除了珍贵的祭孔礼器外，孔庙还珍藏有数以千计的碑刻和汉画像石、明清雕龙石柱等珍贵石刻，从中可以详细解读孔庙历代的完善与修葺、皇帝祭祀等历史事件，也可以厘清儒家思想发展成为封建社会治国思想的历史。
孔林
孔林是孔子及其后世子孙的家族墓地，现存占地3000余亩，仅围墙就达8公里长，是世界上历时最久、规模最大的家族墓地。
作为与孔庙相同的历史背景，孔林也因历代封建王朝尊孔崇儒的结果，而从最初一个单独孔子墓发展成规模庞大今昔规模。孔林历代的扩张，均是围绕着孔子墓向四周延伸的。如今的孔林呈东西长方形，孔子墓位于中央偏南位置，洙泗交汇间。墓前墓碑篆书“大成至圣文宣王”。其子孔鲤与孙孔伋依孔子墓而葬，俗称“携子抱孔”，也是孔林“前三代”的核心区。后来四周建有围墙，形成了孔林的园中园。
而其后裔则又围绕依此附葬，2000余年从未间断，孔林规模因此不断增大，现孔林内墓冢达10万余座。孔林内古树参天，百年以上的古树达4万余株，苍翠悠远，时光将其雕琢成了一个规模庞大的植物园。
孔府
孔府并不是孔子的故居，而是其后代嫡裔子孙“衍圣公”们的官邸。“衍圣公”是一个王朝对孔子直系后代授予的世袭封号，始于西汉元年，相继被封“奉祀君”、“褒成君”、“崇圣大夫”、“文宣公”等，直至北宋改为“衍圣公”，一直为后世沿用了32代，直至民国政府成立后，将其改为“大成至圣先师奉祀官”。最初“衍圣公”官邸设在孔庙里，至明洪武年间始建与庙分离的衍圣公府，即孔府。
孔府坐北朝南，九进院落，左中右三路布局：中路前半部分为官衙，是衍圣公处理政务之所；后半部分为内宅，为内眷起居之所；东路前为东学，中为家庙，后为一贯堂；西路前为西学，后为花厅。孔府现存楼房厅堂480余间，古建筑面积达1.2万平方米，其中明代建筑有大门、仪门、大堂、二堂、三堂、内宅门、前上房、家庙、迎恩门、奎星楼等，其他多为清代建筑。
孔府内藏有历代字画约6500件，服装约8000件，祭器、古籍、铜器等多达9万余件，另外还有中国时间最久、保存最为完整的家谱——孔府档案，这是家族史研究最完整、最典型的样本。
【全文翻译】
"The temple, cemetery and family mansion of Confucius, the great philosopher, politician and educator of the 6th–5th centuries B.C., are located at Qufu, in Shandong Province. Built to commemorate him in 478 B.C., the temple has been destroyed and reconstructed over the centuries; today it comprises more than 100 buildings. The cemetery contains Confucius’ tomb and the remains of more than 100,000 of his descendants. The small house of the Kong family developed into a gigantic aristocratic residence, of which 152 buildings remain. The Qufu complex of monuments has retained its outstanding artistic and historic character due to the devotion of successive Chinese emperors over more than 2,000 years.” “Because of its special connection with the revered philosopher and teacher Confucius, this group of monuments was the object of many rich donations from successive Imperial dynasties over more than two thousand years. As a result its buildings represent the most exceptional examples of Chinese religious art and architecture over this long period.” This was the assessment given by the World Heritage Committee on Temple and Cemetery of Confucius and the Kong Family Mansion in Qufu when they were included in the List of World Cultural Heritage in 1994.
Confucius was born in the State of Lu (near present-day Qufu, Shandong Province) of Western Zhou Dynasty in 551 BC. The State of Lu was founded by Bo Qin, the son of Duke of Zhou. Cultural codes and records of the Zhou Dynasty were well preserved in the State of Lu, reputed as “the land of etiquette”, which directly influenced the formation of Confucianism. The name of Confucius was Kong Qiu, and his courtesy name was Zhongni. He was the second son of a declining aristocratic family. Circumstances in his family were aggravated by the death of his father when he was still a child. He decided to devote himself to study and read extensively when he was 15. At the age of 30, he began his teaching career and gradually became the great educator with more than 3000 disciples. In order to achieve his political aspirations and ideals, he traveled around the small kingdoms at the age of 55 to expound his political beliefs, but did not see them implemented. Then he returned home when he was 68 and during the last five years of his life, he carefully sorted out the ancient books and determined the etiquette system (a system of social ranking based on customs and rules for polite behavior in ancient China to achieve harmony). With his practical action, he preserved precious cultural treasures for future generations. Integrating the thoughts of ancient sages, he created Confucianism taking the cultivation of virtue and maintenance of ethics as the core which had been adopted as the pre-eminent ideology by successive Chinese emperors in feudal Chinese society. Deeply rooted in the minds of every Chinese for generations, Confucianism continues to have far-reaching influence today.
It is due to the devotion of successive Chinese emperors to Confucius and Confucianism that a series of construction and protection programs have been implemented in his hometown---Qufu. The most typical project among them is the Temple and Cemetery of Confucius and the Kong Family Mansion, which are still well-preserved after the vicissitude of over 2000 years.
Temple of Confucius
The temple gradually evolved from the former residence of Confucius. In over 2000 years, the three-room old house has been expanded into an architectural complex of magnificent scale covering an area of 327 Mu in the center of the Ming Dynasty. It has witnessed 20 sacrificial ceremonies participated by 12 emperors in person, which provides a glimpse of its importance and popularity in the history of China. In fact, the temple had been consecrated to commemorate Confucius only at first and it was developed into a place for offering sacrifices to 173 masters of Confucianism and sages in history, including Han Yu, Zhu Xi, and Yue Fei, etc.
Through evolution over the years, the Temple of Confucius has become a ritual architecture concept for worshipping Confucius and Confucianism. Integrating the function of worshipping and education, this kind of architecture has walked out of Qufu and has spread out over the country, and even to the world in Japan, the Korean Peninsula, and Vietnam.
The three-way layout symmetric architecture consists of 9 courtyards arranged on a central axis which is oriented in the north-south direction. With over 100 architectures dating from Jin, Yuan, Ming to Qing Dynasties, it is reputed as Three Major Ancient Architecture Complexes of China together with the Imperial Palaces of the Ming and Qing Dynasties in Beijing and Chengde Mountain Resort.
In addition to the precious ritual objects for offering sacrifice to Confucius, there are also thousands of stele inscriptions, stone carvings of Han Dynasty, dragon pillars of Ming and Qing Dynasties, and other precious stone carvings. They provide not only detailed illustration of historical events like the reconstruction and renovation of the temple in previous dynasties, the sacrificial ceremonies organized by the emperors, and so on, but also a history for Confucianism to develop into the pre-eminent ideology for ruling the country in feudal society of China.
Cemetery of Confucius
As the cemetery of Confucius and his descendants, it covers an area of over 3000 Mu. Surrounded by a perimeter wall of 8 kilometers, it is a family cemetery with the longest history and largest scale in the world.
With the same historical background as the Temple of Confucius, the Cemetery of Confucius has also developed from a single tomb of Confucius at the beginning into the massive scale at present due to the respect for Confucius and Confucianism in successive imperial dynasties. The expansion of the cemetery into all directions is concentrated on the tomb of Confucius. At present, the cemetery is in the shape of a rectangle oriented in the east-west direction. The tomb of Confucius is in the center on the south at the intersection of Zhu River and Si River. Engraved on the tombstone his title reads in seal script, “Da Cheng Zhi Sheng Wen Xuan Wang” (Holy King of Wenxuan with Great Achievements). The tombs of Kong Li, his son, and Kong Ji, his grandson, are next to the tomb of Confucius. The layout of the three tombs is generally called “Carrying Son and Holding Grandson”. The three tombs constitute the core area of the “Early Three Generations” in the Cemetery of Confucius. Later, a perimeter wall was constructed to surround the tombs, thus the pattern of the cemetery was formed.
The tombs of his descendants were scattered in the surrounding area. In over 2000 years, the scale of the cemetery was gradually increased. At present, there are more than 100,000 tombs in the cemetery. Ancient trees rise in the cemetery. There are over 40,000 ancient trees with a history of more than a hundred years. These verdant trees over the years have turned the area into a huge botanic garden.
The Kong Family Mansion
The Kong Family Mansion is not the former residence of Confucius but the mansion of his direct descendants called “Duke of Yansheng”. “Duke of Yansheng” is the hereditary title of the emperor to the direct descendants of Confucius which began in the first year of the Western Han Dynasty. The title was changed from “Lord Fengsi”, “Lord Baocheng”, “Minister Chongsheng”, “Duke of Wenxuan”, and so on, to “Duke of Yansheng” in the Northern Song Dynasty which had been used for 32 generations until the founding of the government of the Republic of China when the title was changed into “Officer for Worshipping Great Achievement of Saint Ancestor”. The mansion of “Duke of Yansheng” had been originally set in the Temple of Confucius and the construction of the current Kong Family Mansion, called Mansion of Duke of Yansheng at that time, had begun during the reign of Emperor Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty.
The three-way layout architecture oriented in the north-south direction consists of 9 courtyards. The front part in the center is the official area where Duke of Yansheng dealt with official work and the rear part is the family residence. On the east, the front part is the East Study, the center part is the Family Temple, and the rear part is the Hall of Yiguan; on the west, the front part is the West Study and the rear part is the Hall of Flower. There are over 480 rooms existing in the Kong Family Mansion covering an area of 12,000 square meters. Among these architectures are the Main Gate, the Yi Gate, the Great Hall, the Second Hall, the Third Hall, the Gate to the Inner Apartments, the Front Reception Hall, the Family Temple, the Gate of Ying’en, and the Building of Kuixing. Some were built in Ming Dynasty, and the rest of them were mainly constructed during the Qing Dynasty.
The Kong Family Mansion houses about 6500 pieces of calligraphy and painting works of previous dynasties, 8000 historical costumes, and more than 90,000 ritual objects, ancient books, and bronze wares. Also, there is the oldest and most complete family tree in China---Archive of the Kong Family Mansion, which is the most complete and typical sample for research on family history.
国内文旅，路美，loumey
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