一种新的蒸汽动力循环研究Research on a New Steam Power Cycle
砥砺创新者2019-01-07 21:54
【摘要】本文提出一种新的蒸汽动力循环方式，以期利用蒸汽工质的流体热力学综合特性，实现动力循环全过程热效率的提高。
Abstract：This paper proposes a new way of steam power cycle, hoping to improve power cycle’s thermal efficiency of the whole process, by the working medium’s vapor hydrodynamic characteristics.
【关键词】朗肯循环 蒸汽动力 节能减排 火力发电
Key Words: Rankine Cycle; Steam Power; Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction; Thermal Power Generation
一、 朗肯循环
First, Rankine Cycle
朗肯循环（英语：Rankine Cycle）也被称为兰金循环，是一种将热能转化为功的热力学循环。郎肯循环从外界吸收热量，将其闭环的工质（通常使用水）加热，实现热能转化做功。朗肯循环理论虽然诞生于19世纪中期，但即便到了今天，郎肯循环仍产生世界上90％的电力，包括几乎所有的太阳能热能、生物质能、煤炭与核能的电站。郎肯循环是支持蒸汽机的基本热力学原理。
Rankine Cycle is also called steam cycle, which is a thermodynamic cycle converting heat into work. Rankine Cycle absorbs heat from the outside world and then heat the closed loop of the working medium (water in normal circumstances), to realize the process of converting heat into work. Although Rankine Cycle was proposed in the middle of the 19th century, it still generates 90% electricity in the world up to now, covering almost all power stations involved with solar thermal energy, biomass energy, coal and nuclear energy. Rankine Cycle is the fundamental thermodynamic principle supporting steam engines.
因为郎肯循环诞生的那个时代正处于第一次工业革命的开始阶段，研究热力学的材料、加工、设计、控制等综合基础条件，包括相关学科理论研究和现在差距很大，有必然的历史局限性，以现在的技术水平去衡量、分析，难免要存在一些缺陷和不足。
Considering that Rankine Cycle was proposed in the initial stage of the first industrial revolution, and there are great differences between that era and the present to research the comprehensive fundamental conditions of thermodynamics, like materials, processing, design and control and so on, including the theoretical research of the relevant subjects, the historic limitations are inevitable; hence, there must be some defects and shortcomings to make the measurement and analysis based on the current technological level.
1. 郎肯循环应用特点
1. Application Features of Rankine Cycle
朗肯循环实现工质水的闭环循环，大大减少水资源的消耗，但是为了实现闭环，必须将水蒸气冷凝为水，然后再把几乎不能被压缩的液态工质加压，才能使之进入下一个动力循环。热量只能参与一次做功循环，不能转换为功的热量必须被抛弃，因此，应用朗肯循环的工业系统热量浪费巨大、热效率难以提高！
Rankine Cycle realizes the closed-loop circulation of working medium water and largely reduces the consumption of water resources. However, in order to realize closed loop, vapor must be condensed into water at first, and then, the liquid working medium, which could rarely be compressed shall be pressurized. Only after that can it enter the next power cycle. Heat only take part in one time of work cycle, and the heat which could not be converted into work must be discarded. Therefore, while applying Rankine Cycle, the heat consumption of the industrial system is huge and it is hard to improve the thermal efficiency.
实现蒸汽直接再利用通常能想到的就是机械再压缩，但由于工作过程中需要消耗机械能，通过直观的能量守恒定律分析费效比很低，实际应用中一般不会采用这种技术来实现蒸汽再循环利用。
To realize direct reuse of steam, people usually come up with mechanical recompression. However, due to that the mechanical energy needs to be consumed during work, and the cost-efficiency to make the analysis through the intuitionistic law of conservation of energy is relatively low, the technology is barely adopted in actual application to realize steam recycling.
在郎肯循环诞生的历史条件、技术条件下，可以不考虑、也没有能力考虑热回收，人们习惯于接受凝汽环节的大量热量必须以低温形态散失。另外，水的凝结热几乎是常见工质中最大的，工作温段也偏高，但是综合考虑当时的条件，从成本、安全、环保等综合因素考虑，直到现在，也似乎只有水是最理想的工质！
Under the historical conditions and technical conditions of the era when Rankine Cycle came into being, heat recovery was not and cannot be taken into consideration. Instead, people at that time were accustomed to accepting the concept that the large amount of heat in the link of condensing steam must scatter in the form of low temperature. In addition, the condensation heat of water is the largest compared to that of other common working media; besides, the working temperature zone is relatively high. By taking the conditions at that time into comprehensive consideration, including the factors of costs, safety and environmental protection, water seems to be the most desirable working medium up to now.
2. 理论应用发展现状
2. Current Situation of Theoretical Application Development
目前传统朗肯循环理论应用中多用回热、再热等改进循环方式提高效率，还采用增加蒸汽温度、压力的临界、超临界工作模式来提高效率。这些方法根本的思路都是尽可能提高有效功在全部消耗热能中的比例。
Currently, in the traditional theoretical application of Rankine Cycle, the circulation improving ways like backheating and reheating are frequently applied, to improve the efficiency. Besides, the ways to increase the steam temperature and to add the critical and supercritical operating modes of pressure are adopted, to improve the efficiency. The fundamental idea of all these ways listed above is to increase the proportion of effective work among all consumed thermal energies as possible as it can.
另外还有采用有机工质（非水蒸气）来实现朗肯循环，即有机朗肯循环，它改变了温度较低情况下的循环效率，还是存在凝结热浪费的问题。
In addition, the organic working medium (not vapor) can also be applied to realize Rankine Cycle, that is, Organic Rankine Cycle, which changes the cycle efficiency under the condition of low temperature. However, there is still the problem of condensation heat waste.
还有一种方法主要的出发点则是设法采用消耗少量热能、机械能的方式，直接、间接对排放的低温废热进行再利用，用于工业热水制备、生活采暖等环节，实现余热利用来提高有效输出的功和热在全部消耗热能中的比例。
There is another method, and its starting point is to directly and indirectly reuse emitted low-temperature waste heat in the links of making industrial hot water and heating for residential area by the way of consuming a small amount of thermal energy and mechanical energy, thus increasing the proportion of work and heat effectively output among all the consumed thermal energies by waste-heat utilization.
上述多种方法在系统成本、安全性、费效比、可行性等方面都受到诸多限制，很难实现热能利用效率的大幅度提高，特别是难以实现热-电转换效率的大幅度提高！
The multiple methods above are restricted more or less with respect to system costs, safety, cost- efficiency rate and feasibility and so on and so forth; hence, they are hard to realize the substantial improvement of thermal energy utilization efficiency, especially the substantial improvement of heat-electricity conversion efficiency.
二、 流体力学相关原理
Second, Relevant Principles of Hydromechanics
流体力学里面有些基本原理，实际应用时具有一定的“特殊”功能，在流体流动过程中，作为流体的物质属性本身，也会附带实现热传导交换、物质传输、物质压缩等效果。其特点，就是几乎都是在不需要机械装置运动、机械功消耗的情况下，仅仅在空间变化、热能传递、流动过程就能实现。
Some basic principles in hydromechanics have certain special functions in actual application. During fluid flow, due to its physical attributes, the fluid also has the effects to realize heat conduction and exchange, material transfer and material compression and so on. It is featured by realizing the effects just by space variation, heat transfer and flowing process without mechanical movement or mechanical work consumption.
1. 射流真空泵
1. Jet Vacuum Pump
基于流体力学文丘里管原理的射流真空泵是一种具有抽真空、冷凝、排水等三种效能的常用机械装置。射流真空泵是利用一定压力的水流通过对称均布成一定形状和倾斜度的喷咀喷出。由于喷射水流速度很高，于是周围形成负压使器室内产生真空，将外界气（液）体抽吸进来，共同进入混合管，混合管内的水（气）流互相摩擦，混合与挤压，通过扩压管被排除，使器室内形成更高的真空。结构如下图：
The jet vacuum pump based on the principle of venturi tube in hydromechanics is a kind of common mechanical device with the three effects, i.e. vacuum, condensation and dewatering. The jet vacuum pump is to jet the water through the jet nozzle by the pressurized water in a certain shape and slope. Due to the high jet flow rate, the negative pressure will be formed in the surrounding area, to form the vacuum within the tube, thus pumping the gas (fluid) from the outside and making the gas (fluid) enter the hybrid tube. By mutual friction, mixing and extrusion within the hybrid tube, the gas (fluid) will be emitted (discharged) through the diffuser pipe, which will result in higher vacuum within the tube. The structural drawing is shown below,
说明：1、高压水进口;2、喷嘴;3、螺母;4、喷嘴板;5、气体进口;6、泵体;7、混合室;8、喉部;9、扩压管;10、混合气液出口；
Notes: 1. high-pressure water inlet; 2. jet nozzle; 3. nut; 4. nozzle plate; 5. gas inlet; 6. pump body; 7. mixing chamber; 8. throat; 9. diffuser pipe; 10. mixed gas and liquid outlet.
如果使用的射流是水，吸入的是低温、低压水蒸气，则蒸汽与喷射水流直接接触，进行热交换，绝大部分的蒸汽必将冷凝成水与原水流混合，体积大大缩小；小量未被凝的蒸汽与不疑结的气体亦与高速喷射水流一起从喷口喷出，流体具有动压。查阅部分射流泵参数（如石油行业普遍使用的产品），射流抽取的目标介质可以达到自身质量的80%以上，压力损失约10%左右。
If the used jet flow is water, and what’s pumped is low-temperature and low-pressure vapor, the steam will directly contact the jet flow, to conduct the heat exchange. The majority of steam will definitely be condensed into water and mixed with the original water flow; hence, the volume will be shrunk substantially. However, a small amount of steam which is not condensed will be jetted through the jet nozzle along with the high-speed jet flow. The fluid has the dynamic pressure. When looking up some jet pump parameters (for example, the commonly used products in petroleum industry), the target medium extracted from the jet flow can reach more than 80% of its own quality, with the pressure loss approximate to 10%.
有资料报道国内有单位做了这样的应用，产品名称叫“射流凝汽器”，但没有大量推广应用，其节能减排效果也没有得到行业的重视。
According to the reporting, a certain domestic unit made the application with the product name of “jet condenser”. However, it is not put into popularization and general application. Its effect of energy conservation and emission reduction is not valued in the industry.
下图是一种利用喷雾或射流的混合式凝汽器：
The following drawing is a direct-contact type condenser using spray or jet flow,
这种装置确实利用的冷却水射流、雾化吸热的效果，但是没有利用射流的动能，而且蒸汽热量巨大，冷却吸热能力有限，造成冷却水用量增加，最后冷却效果好了，但是还不能解决热量回收利用的问题。
Although the device indeed uses the effect of cooling water’s jet flow and absorption of heat by atomization, it does not utilize the kinetic energy of jet flow; besides, the steam heat is huge and the cooling heat absorption capacity is limited, the usage amount of cooling water is added. At last, although the cooling effects get better, it still could not solve the problem of heat recycling.
1. 气体放大器
2. Gas Amplifier
进入20世纪70年代以后，世界各国都在进一步研究有关射流引流、真空理论，通过对一些细节的研究，如喷口形状、方式、脉动等等因素的研究实践，取得了一定的成果。比如和人类生活密切相关的无叶片风扇，以及工业化应用的气体放大器。
In the 1970s, the countries all over the world conducted further research concerning jet flow drainage and vacuum theory and made some detailed studies, such as the research practice concerning the factors like jet nozzle’s shape, way and pulsation and so on. Certain achievements have been made, such as the no-blade fan closely related to human life and gas amplifier in industrial application.
气体放大器原理如下图：当高压气体通过气体放大器 0.05～0.1毫米的环形窄缝(3)后,向左侧喷出，通过科恩达效应原理及气体放大器特殊的几何形状，右侧最大10~100倍的低压气体可被吸入，并与原始高压气体一起从气体放大器左侧吹出。近两年来气体放大器（空气放大器）应用领域迅速扩展，常用大比例节约压缩空气，并且利用压缩空气实现吹尘、吸尘、物料运送等工业应用。技术成熟稳定。
The working principles of gas amplifier are shown in the following drawing: when the high-pressure gas passes through the narrow annular channel (3) with the width of 0.05mm to 0.1mm of the gas amplifier, it is jetted from the left side. Based on the principles of Coanda Effect and the special geometrical shape of the gas amplifier, the low-pressure gas of 10 to 100 times maximally on the right side will be pumped in, and then blown off from the left side of the gas amplifier along with the original high-pressure gas. In the recent two years, the application fields of the gas amplifier (air amplifier)expand rapidly. The common use of the gas amplifier (air amplifier) saves the compressed air to a large degree. In addition, it utilizes the compressed air to realize the industrial applications including dust blowing, dust collection and materials delivery and so on. The technology is mature and stable.
结构说明：(1) 环形腔； (2) 可调环形槽；(3) 发生科恩达效应的剖面；(4)待吸入气体；(5) 固定环（可调气体放大器有）。
Structure specification: (1) ring cavity; (2) adjustable ring groove; (3) profile with Coanda Effect; (4) gas waiting to be absorbed; (5) fixed ringer (provided along with the adjustable gas amplifier).
如果被吸入的气体是低温、低压蒸汽，驱动气流是高温、高压过热蒸汽，在高温蒸汽从环形喷口喷出时，会膨胀、降温、降压，同时与低温、低压蒸汽混合，达到热量、动量平衡，最终气流是中温、中压混合蒸汽，从左侧排出。
If the gas waiting to be absorbed is the low-temperature and low-pressure steam, and the driven airflow is the high-temperature and high-pressure superheated steam, when the high-temperature steam is jetted from the annular nozzle, the high-temperature steam will undergo the process of swelling, temperature reduction and depressurization and will be mixed with the low-temperature and low-pressure steam in the meanwhile, to realize the balance of heat and momentum. The final airflow is the medium-temperature and medium-pressure mixed steam, which will be emitted from the left side.
1. 涡流管
3. Vortex Tube
涡流管(Vortex Tube)又称涡流制冷管、涡旋管、涡旋制冷器等,一定压力的压缩空气输入涡流管涡旋发生器后膨胀加速后旋转，气流以1,000,000 rpm的旋转速度沿热管壁进入热管内部，在热管的终端，一部分压缩空气通过调节阀以热空气的方式泻出,剩余的压缩空气以较低速度通过进入热管旋转气流的中心返回，这股冷气流通过发生器中心形成超低温冷气汇集到冷气端排出。以某种型号涡流管产品为例，输入气流7Bar,25℃干燥空气的前提下最低冷气温度可达-45℃, 冷气端射出冷气流在7Bar，温度最大降幅达-70℃，另一端射出的热气流极限温度可达+130℃。冷气、热气比例可以调整，从10%~90%之间互相变化，所能达到的最低、最高气温也和气流量有关。
Vortex Tube is also called Vortex Cooling Tube or Vortex Refrigerator. After the compressed air under a certain pressure is put into the Vortex Generator of the Vortex Tube, it will be swollen and accelerates, after which it will rotate. In addition, the airflow will enter the inside of the heat pipe along the wall of the heat pipe at the rotational speed of 1,000,000 rpm. At the terminal of the heat pipe, some compressed air will be emitted in the way of hot air through the regulating valve; and the rest compressed air will be returned after entering the center of the rotating airflow of the heat pipe. The cold airflow will form the ultra-low-temperature cold air in the center of the generator and gather in the cold air terminal for emitting. By taking the Vortex Tube Product in the certain model as the example, the premise of the input steam at 7Bar and the dry air at 25℃ is that the minimal cold air temperature can reach -45℃, the cold airflow jetted from the cold air terminal is 7Bar, the maximal decreasing amplitude of the temperature can arrive at -70℃, and the ultimate temperature of the hot airflow jetted from the other terminal can reach +130℃. The proportion between the cold air and the hot air can be adjusted and varies between 10% and 90%. The attainable minimal temperature and maximal temperature are related to the amount of airflow.
涡流管是一种结构非常简单的能量分离装置，它是由喷嘴、涡流室、分离孔板和冷热两端管组成。工作时压缩气体在喷嘴内膨胀，然后以很高的速度沿切线方向进入涡流管。气流在涡流管内高速旋转时，经过涡流中心的离心减压、涡流外圈离心增压作用，气体从涡流中心到外壁分离成压力、温度不相等的两部分气流，处于中心部位的气流温度低，而处于外层部位的气流温度高，调节冷热流比例，可以得到最佳制冷效应或制热效应。
Vortex Tube is an energy separation device with extremely simple structure. It is composed of the jet nozzle, swirl chamber, separation orifice, cold terminal tube and hot terminal tube. During operation, the compressed gas will be swollen within the jet nozzle, and then the compressed gas will enter the Vortex Tube at relatively high speed along the direction of the tangent line. When the airflow rotates within the Vortex Tube at a high speed, after undergoing the centrifugal decompression in the center of the vortex and the centrifugal pressurization in the outer circle of the vortex, the gas will be divided into two parts of airflow at different pressure and temperature from the center of the vortex to the outer wall of the vortex. The temperature of the airflow in the center is low; while that in the outer layer is high. By adjusting the proportion of the cold airflow and hot airflow, the best refrigerating effect or heating effect can be achieved.
结构说明：(1) 高压气体入口； (2) 冷气输出口；(3) 热气输出口。如果被吸入的气体是低温、低压蒸汽，经过涡流管后，就可以在高温输出端输出更热蒸汽，低温输出端输出低温甚至低温汽水混合物。
Structural Notes: (1) inlet of high-pressure gas; (2) outlet of cold air; (3) outlet of hot air. If the absorbed gas is the low-temperature and low-pressure steam, after passing through the Vortex Tube, it can output hotter steam at the high-temperature output terminal and output the low-temperature steam and even low-temperature mixture of steam and water at the low-temperature output terminal.
1. 压力温度关系
4. Pressure-Temperature Relationship
其实上述三种特殊功能的装置，其背后的理论基础都来自于流体力学的一些基本定律，在蒸汽流动速度不大的时候，以下定律都适用：
As for the three devices with special functions listed above, the theoretical bases behind them are all from some fundamental laws of hydromechanics. When the flow velocity of the steam is not high, the following laws are applicable,
波义耳定律：温度恒定时，一定量气体的压力和它的体积的乘积为恒量。数学表达式为：pV = nRT = 恒量或p1V1 = p2V2。
Boyle's Law: when the temperature is constant, the product of the pressure of a certain amount of gas and its volume is constant. Its mathematical expression is pV = nRT = constant or p1V1 = p2V2.
查理-盖吕萨克气体定律：压力恒定时，一定量气体的体积（V）与其温度（T）成正比。
Gay-Lussac's Law: when the pressure is constant, the volume (V) of a certain amount of gas is in direct proportion to its temperature (T).
根据上述两条定律分析，朗肯循环中没有提及蒸汽传输过程中的气体流体力学、热力学问题，仅仅把蒸汽按照理想状态气体、静止状态气体去研究，存在一定的局限性。
According to the analysis of the above two laws, in Rankine cycle, the hydroaeromechanic problems and thermodynamic problems during the vapor transmission are not mentioned. Instead, the steam is just researched according to the gas in the ideal state and the gas in the static state, which has some limitations.
可压缩流体流速加快，压力降低，必然引起体积膨胀，从而使密度减小；反之，在流速减慢、压力升高的同时，可压缩流体受压缩，体积缩小，因此，密度必然增大。气体体积的膨胀，还会使温度降低。当打开自行车气门芯放气，高压气体从气门芯喷出来时，气门芯的温度显著下降，甚至使表面结霜。这并不是自行车胎里面装着很“冷”的气体的缘故，而是高压空气从喷口喷出时体积膨胀引起降温导致气体中所含有的水蒸气冷凝所致。同样，当可压缩流体受压缩时，温度会升高。譬如，用打气筒打气，气筒壁会发烫。这并非皮碗与筒壁摩擦的结果，而主要是筒内空气被压缩，导致温度升高。
When the flow velocity of the compressible fluid accelerates and the pressure decreases, it will definitely lead to the volume expansion, thus making the density decrease. However, when the flow velocity he compressible fluid decelerates and the pressure increases, the compressible fluid will be compressed and the volume will reduce, thus making the density increase. The swelling of the volume of the gas will also lower the temperature. When open the valve core of the bicycle to release the air, the high-pressure gas will be emitted from the valve core. At the same time, the temperature of the valve core will remarkably decrease, and the surface may even be frosted. It is not because the tire of the bicycle contains “cold” gas, but because of the volume expansion of the high-pressure air when being jetted from the outlet, which results in the temperature decrease, thus making the vapor contained in the gas condensed. Likewise, when the compressible fluid is compressed, the temperature will rise, for example, when pumping up by using the inflator, the wall of the inflator will be hot. It is not attributed to the friction between the packing leather and the wall of the inflator, but mainly resulted from the compression of the air within the inflator, which arouses the rise of the temperature.
一个对高低温、高低压变化非常敏感的蒸汽动力循环系统，应该充分考虑体积、空间、流速、压力、温度等混合因素，充分利用这些因素之间的关系，实现高效率的热动力循环。
As for a steam power cycle system quite sensitive to temperature and pressure value, the mixed factors including volume, space, flowing velocity, pressure and temperature and so on, shall be taken into comprehensive consideration. Besides, the mutual relations among these factors shall be made sufficiently use of, to realize the highly efficient thermodynamic cycle.
一、 新的蒸汽动力循环
Third, New Steam Power Cycle
通过对朗肯循环特点分析，需要提出一种新的循环，首先利用非机械动力（至少是非电能）的方式实现对完成做功后的乏蒸汽进行再利用，其次充分利用气体体积、温度、压力甚至气体流速的关系，设法直接回收再利用冷凝热，未能通过汽轮机一次转化为功的热量有机会参与下一次做功循环，经过多次转化做功，系统效率趋向于100%，在理论上实现蒸汽动力循环整体热效率的大幅度提高。
By analyzing the features of Rankine Cycle, a new cycle needs to be presented. At first, it is to use the way of non-mechanical power (at least non-electric energy) to realize the reuse of the bled-steam after the work is done. And then, it shall make full use of the relations among the gas volume, temperature, pressure and even flow rate, to try to directly recycle and reuse the heat of condensation. The heat which is not converted into work at one time by the steam turbine has the chance to participate in the next time of work cycle. By many times of being converted into work, the efficiency of the system tends to be close to 100%, thus theoretically realizing the substantial improvement of the overall thermal efficiency of steam power cycle.
1. 新循环
1. New Cycle
新的循环采用类似气体放大器的装置实现对低温、低压乏汽的升压、升温、引流；再通过对凝汽器内外部乏汽分流，管路空间(流管)截面积重新安排设计，使得蒸汽乏汽传输过程中产生压差、温差，让低温、低压蒸汽吸收较高温度、较高压力蒸汽的热量，同时使得较高温蒸汽冷凝，较低温蒸汽吸热、升压并直接进入蒸汽再循环，冷凝水则通过高压锅炉再生为高压过热蒸汽，携带新补充的热能进入下一个蒸汽工作循环。
The new cycle adopts the device similar to the gas amplifier to realize the pressure rise, temperature rise and drainage of the low-temperature and low-pressure exhaust gas. In addition, by the exhaust gas drainage inside and outside the condenser, the sectional area of the pipe space (flow pipe) is re-arranged and re-designed, thus generating the differential pressure and differential temperature during the transmission of the exhaust steam, to let the low-temperature and low-pressure steam absorb the heat of the steam at relatively high temperature and pressure; and in the meanwhile, condensate the steam at relatively high temperature, and let the steam at relatively low temperature absorb heat, rise pressure and directly enter steam recirculation. However, the condensate water will be regenerated as the high-pressure superheating steam by high-pressure boiler, and enter the next steam working cycle by carrying the newly-supplemented heat.
具体系统结构图如下：
The specific structural drawing of the system is listed below,
结构说明：1、凝汽器；2、高压水泵；3、高压锅炉；4、气体放大器；5、汽轮机；6、发电机；7、乏汽总管路；8、待凝结乏汽入口；9、待降压乏汽入口；10、冷凝水管路；11、吸热升温乏汽出口；12、待吸入蒸汽入口；13、驱动高压高温蒸汽入口；14、再生混合工作蒸汽出口。
Structural Notes: 1. condenser; 2. high-pressure water pump; 3. high-pressure boiler; 4. gas amplifier; 5. steam turbine; 6. electric generator; 7. exhaust steam manifold; 8. inlet of exhaust steam waiting to be condensate; 9. inlet of exhaust steam waiting to be depressurized; 10. condensate pine line; 11. outlet of exhaust steam waiting to absorb heat; 12. inlet of steam waiting to be absorbed; 13. inlet of high-pressure high-temperature drive steam; 14. outlet of renewable hybrid working steam.
还可以采用下面的方式，改变凝汽器汽路，让全部蒸汽均进入凝汽空间后，再进入吸热管路，可以调整凝气量和再生乏汽温度。系统如下图：
The following way can also be adopted, to change the steam line of the condenser. After making all the steam enter the condensate space, the heating pipe line can be entered into, which could adjust the amount of the condensed gas and the temperature of the renewable exhaust gas. The system is listed in the following drawing,
经过两年多思考和相关领域的研究，这种新循环的理念、思路不断地完善，而且越来越简单明了，其实核心部件4气体放大器，应该就是一个利用高能量工质（超高压蒸汽）通过某种装置、系统，驱动低能量工质（低压乏汽），重新升压升温达到工作蒸汽（高压蒸汽）的要求，并且最终混合共同去做功。利用超临界蒸汽作为动力驱动系统实现蒸汽再压缩、低品位冷凝热回收利用，品位降低后的蒸汽再去驱动中低压蒸汽发电机组。如果使用蒸汽动力的汽轮-压缩机系统就更容易理解，如下图：
After more than two years of thinking and study on the relevant fields, the idea and thinking pattern of the new cycle have been improved continuously and made more and more simple. Actually, the core part, i.e. 4 gas amplifier shall be a device utilizing high-energy working medium (super high pressure steam) to drive low-energy working medium (low-pressure exhaust steam) through a certain device or system, thus re-pressurizing and heating up to the requirements on working steam (high-pressure steam) and finally do the work in a mixed way commonly. It is actually to use supercritical steam as the power-driven system, to realize the steam recompression and recycling and reuse of low-grade condensing heat; while the steam whose grade is lowered will be used to drive the medium-pressure and low-pressure steam generating set. If the turbine-compressor system of steam power is used, it will be easier and more understandable, which is shown in the following drawing,
1. 新循环的特点：
2. Features of New Cycle:
首先，和朗肯循环相比，系统设计上就没有大量对系统外介质散热的环节，整体热效率会大幅度提高；
Firstly, compared to Rankine Cycle, there are not so many links concerning medium heat eliminating outside the system in systematic design; hence, the overall thermal efficiency will be substantially improved.
其次，朗肯循环实际应用中，近年来都是主要依靠提高全系统的压力来提高热电转换效率，从水泵开始全部工作过程都处于超临界压力之下，系统的制造技术难度增加、成本增加、安全风险增加。该新循环方式虽然锅炉的压力也是需要大幅度提高，但是锅炉的蒸汽发生量大幅度下降，高压蒸汽涉及的范围减少，高压蒸汽涉及的过程几乎没有机械运动、需要较多维护的机械部件，关于技术难度加大、成本大幅增高、系统安全性下降的问题得以解决；
Secondly, in actual application of Rankine Cycle, in the recent years, it mainly relies on improving the pressure of the whole system, to improve the thermoelectric conversion efficiency. All the work process from water pump is all under supercritical pressure. The manufacturing technical difficulty, costs and safety risks of the system are all added. Although in the way of the new cycle, the pressure of boiler needs to be increased substantially, the steam generating capacity of the boiler substantially decreases, the scope involved with the high-pressure steam decreases, and the processes involved with the high-pressure steam rarely use mechanical parts needing mechanical movement or frequently maintenance. The problems regarding the large technical difficulty, increased costs and decreased safety of system are solved.
从过程上看出，该循环可以适用于各种汽轮机机组压力，单次循环热-功转换效率变化，不影响系统整体效率，对安全生产有利；也可以用于现有中低压蒸汽发电系统，在保留核心系统的情况下，以最低的成本实现技术改造，改造过程还可以分阶段、分步骤实施。
From the process, it can be seen that the cycle is applicable to the pressure of various steam turbine units. Besides, change in the heat-to-work conversion efficiency of single cycle does not affect the overall efficiency of the system, which is conducive to the safety production. In addition, it can also be used in the current medium-pressure and low-pressure steam electric generating system. Under the condition of keeping the core system, the technological transformation can be realized at the lowest costs. During the transformation, it can be carried out in the phased way step by step.
一、 能量守恒法分析
Fourth, Analysis by Method of Conservation of Energy
改进后的郎肯循环的动力、热力学分析相对复杂，我们完全可以首先应用用热力学第一定律（能量守恒定律）对它进行初步分析。
The dynamic and thermodynamic analysis of improved Rankine Cycle is relatively complicated. The preliminary analysis can be conducted towards it by applying first law of thermodynamics, i.e. The Law of Conservation of Energy at first.
目前应用朗肯循环的热电厂能效图如下：
The current thermal power plant’s energy efficiency figure by applying Rankine Cycle is shown below,
行业已知的数据表明锅炉、水泵、汽轮机、发电机整体效率损失合计约10%；冷端损失，即凝汽器冷却水带走的热量要占到50%以上，新的循环改进了凝汽器，采用了气体放大器（射流或科恩达效应），下面逐个简单分析这两个部件的能量变化、流动情况。
Based on the existing data within the industry, it suggests that the overall efficiency loss of the boiler, water pump, steam turbine and electric generator totals up to approximately 10%. The cold end loss, that is, the heat carried away by the cooling water of the condenser, accounts for more than 50%. The new cycle improves the condenser and adopts gas amplifier (jet flow or Coanda Effect). In the following, the energy changes and flow conditions of the two parts are briefly analyzed in the following.
1. 凝气器分析
1. Analysis of Condenser
该循环所用凝汽器结构与传统凝汽器相似，所不同的是吸热管路内部空间和凝汽空间的比例，前者应为后者空间、流管截面的数倍以上。假设乏汽通过两条相同截面积的管路分别接入这两个大小不同的空间，根据波义耳定律，蒸汽的压力就会发生差异，进入吸热管路的蒸汽膨胀比例较大，温度下降较多，加之受到空气放大器（或射流引流装置）产生的抽真空作用，压力、温度进一步下降，因此温度相对较低；进入凝气空间的蒸汽膨胀比例较小，温度下降较少，相对较高，吸热管路内外蒸汽存在温差，进行热交换；凝气空间的蒸汽放热冷凝，吸热管路内部蒸汽吸热升温，压力回升。
The structure of the condenser adopted in the cycle is similar to that of the traditional condenser. The difference is the proportion between the internal space of heat absorption pipe and the condensing steam space, with the former being several times of the latter and the cross section of the flow pipe. It is assumed that the exhaust steam passes through two pipe lines with same sectional area, which are connected to the two spaces listed above with different sizes. According to Boyle's Law, the pressure of the steam will be different. The swelling proportion of the steam entering the heat absorption pipe is relatively large, and the temperature decrease is huge. Coupled with the vacuum pumping effect generated by the air amplifier (or jet flow drainage device), the pressure and temperature will further decrease; hence, the temperature is relatively low. However, the swelling proportion of the steam entering the condensing space is relatively small, and the temperature decrease is limited and the temperature is relatively high. There is the differential temperature between the steam inside the heat absorption pipe and the steam outside the heat absorption pipe, which leads to the heat exchange. The steam in the condensing space undergoes heat release and condensation. The steam inside the heat absorption pipe absorbs heat and becomes hotter; and then, the pressure rises once again.
全过程没有对第三方做功，属于绝热过程，能量损失少。
During the whole process, no work is done towards any third party. It belongs to the adiabatic process, and the energy loss is small.
2. 气体放大器分析
2. Analysis of Gas Amplifier
接入空气放大器的压力超百倍于乏汽的高温、高压、过热蒸汽从环形喷口高速喷出，膨胀、扩散，同时基于流体的粘滞作用、气体分子的混合、碰撞作用，依据科恩达效应，带动大量乏汽一起运动，两种蒸汽的动量、热量混合、交换，达到平衡。最后形成中温、中压混合汽流。
The high-temperature, high-pressure and overheated steam connected to the air amplifier and with the pressure over hundreds of that of the exhaust steam is emitted from the jet nozzle at a high speed, swelling and expanding. In the meanwhile, based on the viscous effect of the fluid as well as the mixture and collision effect of the gas molecule, and according to the Coanda Effect, a large amount of exhaust steam is driven to move together. The momentum and heat of the two kinds of steam mix and exchange, to arrive at the balance, thus finally forming the medium-temperature and medium-pressure mixed steam flow.
全过程也没有对第三方做功，属于绝热过程，能量损失少。
During the whole process, no work is done towards any third party. It belongs to the adiabatic process, and the energy loss is small.
3. 汽轮机-压缩机分析
3. Analysis of Steam Turbine-Compressor
接入汽轮机-压缩机系统的超高压蒸汽，推动汽轮机工作，输出动力带动压缩机实现对乏汽的机械再压缩，乏汽升温升压；汽轮机的排气压力接近压缩机的输出压力，两组蒸汽最后形成中温、中压混合汽流，满足发电机汽轮机工作的蒸汽压力温度要求。
The super-high-pressure steam connected to the steam turbine-compressor system drive the steam turbine to work. The output power drives the compressor to realize the mechanical re-compression of the exhaust steam, to raise the temperature and pressure of the exhaust steam. The discharge pressure of the steam turbine is close to the output pressure of the compressor. The two groups of steam finally form the medium-temperature and medium-pressure mixed steam flow, which satisfies the requirements on the pressure and temperature of the steam for the work of the steam turbine of the electric generator.
全过程也没有对第三方做功，属于绝热过程，能量损失少。
During the whole process, no work is done towards any third party. It belongs to the adiabatic process, and the energy loss is small.
一、 进一步应用改进
Five, Further Application and Improvement
针对不同应用条件变化，改进后的郎肯循环可以进行适应性调整，进一步满足工程应用的具体要求。
Towards the changes of different application conditions, the improved Rankine Cycle can make the adaptive adjustments, thus further satisfying the specific requirements on the engineering application.
1. 乏汽直接利用
1. Direct Usage of Exhaust Steam
该应用改进增加一个乏汽歧路、乏汽直供阀，实现对凝结乏汽的调整，必要时可以通过气体放大器直接再利用部分尚未膨胀、降温的乏汽。具体系统图如下：
As for the improvement of the application, an exhaust steam branch pipe and an exhaust steam direct supply valve are added, to realize the adjustment of the condensing exhaust steam. When necessary, by the gas amplifier, some exhaust steam which is not swollen or undergoes temperature decrease can be directly reused. The specific systematic drawing is listed below,
新增加的设备和管路有：15、乏汽直供阀；16、乏汽歧管。
The newly added equipment and pipe include: 15 exhaust steam direct supply valve; 16 exhaust steam branch pipe.
该过程没有对第三方做功，属于绝热过程，能量损失少。
During the whole process, no work is done towards any third party. It belongs to the adiabatic process, and the energy loss is small.
1. 射流泵辅助凝汽
2. Jet Pump Assisting the Condensation
该应用改进通过使用射流凝汽泵，可以直接吸收再利用部分乏汽，由于射流压力较高，吸入的乏汽在混入高压冷凝水流后凝结，放出热量，使得冷凝水升温预热，同时也具有抽真空的作用。具体系统图如下：
As for the improvement of the application,the jet condensing pump is used, which could directly absorb and reuse some exhaust gas. Due to that the pressure of the jet flow is relatively high, the absorbed exhaust gas can condense after being mixed into the high-pressure condensate flow, to give out heat, thus making the temperature of the condensate water rise and preheat the condensate water. In the meanwhile, it has the function of vacuum pumping. The specific system drawing is shown below,
新增加的设备和管路有：17、射流凝汽泵；18、中压冷凝水泵；19、射流输入口；20、待凝结蒸汽吸入口；21、射流输出口；22、凝汽器乏汽歧路。
The newly-added devices and pipes include: 17. jet condensing pump; 18. medium-pressure condensate water pump; 19. jet inlet; 20. inlet to absorb the steam waiting to be condensate; 21. jet outlet; 22. exhaust steam branch pipe of the condenser.
该过程没有对第三方做功，属于绝热过程，能量损失少。
During the whole process, no work is done towards any third party. It belongs to the adiabatic process, and the energy loss is small.
1. 涡流管应用
3. Application of Vortex Tube
该应用改进通过使用涡流管，把排出的乏汽所含的能量进行分割，乏汽进入涡流管以后，分成高温、低温乏汽两路输出，冷的乏汽进入凝汽器的冷却管路后，去射流凝汽器凝结；射流凝汽器的凝结、抽真空作用使得低温乏汽在冷却管路中温度进一步降低，吸热性能更好。
As for the improvement of the application, the vortex tube is applied, to segment the energies contained in the emitted exhaust steam. After the exhaust steam enters the vortex tube, it is divided into the high-temperature exhaust steam and the low-temperature exhaust steam. After the low-temperature exhaust steam enters the cooling pipe of the condenser, it enters the jet condenser for condensation. The condensation and vacuum pumping effects of the jet condenser further reduces the temperature of the low-temperature exhaust steam in the cooling pipe, but make the heat absorptivity better than before.
高温乏汽一部分在凝汽器中把热量传递给冷却管路后凝结成冷凝水，经高压泵进入射流凝汽器，开始下一个循环；没有凝结的高温乏汽，可以通过气体放大器直接再利用。具体系统图如下：
After delivering the heat to the cooling pipe in the condenser, some high-temperature exhaust steam is condensate into the condensate water, and enters the jet condenser through the high-pressure pump, to start the next cycle. The high-temperature exhaust steam which has not been condensate can be reused directly through the gas amplifier. The specific systematic drawing is shown below,
新增加的设备和管路有：23、涡流管；24、低温蒸汽输出口。该过程没有对第三方做功，属于绝热过程，能量损失少。
The newly-added device and pipe include: 23. vortex tube; 24. low-temperature steam outlet. During the whole process, no work is done towards any third party. It belongs to the adiabatic process, and the energy loss is small.
一、 需进一步研究的关键问题
Sixth, Key Problems Needing Further Research
本文只是提出一个新的循环过程，并基于热力学第一定律进行了定性分析，如果该循环得到学术界初步认可，那么后续还有许多问题留待学术界讨论、研究，主要可能有以下几点：
In the paper, the author just proposes a new cycle process and makes the qualitative analysis based on the first law of thermodynamics. If the cycle gets the preliminary recognition by the academic cycle, there are many subsequent problems waiting to be discussed and researched by the academic circle, which are mainly listed as follows,
1. 凝气与再生蒸汽比例
1. Proportion between Condensed Gas and Regenerated Steam
改进后的郎肯循环采用部分凝气通过高压锅炉蒸发产生高温、高压过热蒸汽来驱动低温低压蒸汽，以蒸汽循环一个周期热电效率30%估算，需要补充约40%的热能。如果不采用蒸汽再热、过热系统，所有这些热能大部分由再蒸发的冷凝水承载。
The improved Rankine Cycle uses some condensed gas to pass through the high-pressure boiler, thus generating the high-temperature, high-pressure and overheated seam to drive the low-temperature and low-pressure steam. According to the estimate that the thermal efficiency is 30% for one steam cycle, it approximately needs to supplement 40% thermal energy. If the steam reheating and overheating system is not adopted, most of the heat energies shall be undertaken by the re-evaporated condensate water.
如果假设气体放大器可以再生利用90%的蒸汽，必须冷凝的蒸汽量将约占10%。这10%的水，又会释放大量的热量，如果不用冷却水散热，则应该由剩余的90%余热蒸汽带回再循环中。因此需要进一步研究如何合理设计蒸汽流动过程的空间、截面积比例，控制好各个环节的压力、流量。
If it is assumed that the gas amplifier can regenerate and use 90% of the steam, and the amount of steam which must be condensate is approximate to 10%; besides, the 10% condensate water will release a large amount of heat and will not be used to release heat, the rest 90% waste heat steam will carry the waste heat to back to the recycle. Hence, it needs to conduct further research on how to reasonably design the proportion between the space of steam flowing process and the cross section; and control the pressure and flow rate of the various links.
2. 锅炉压力增加量
2. Increased Amount of the Boiler’s Pressure
从气体放大器工作原理可以得知，改进后的郎肯循环驱动蒸汽压力应该是朗肯循环相应锅炉压力的10倍或更高，在有条件实现的情况下，越高越好！高压锅炉的研究，特别是结合空气动力学对锅炉结构进行改进，充分考虑动压、静压的关系，实现“动态升温”、“动态升压”，控制好高压锅炉技术难度，降低高压锅炉的生产制造成本。
From the operating principles of the gas amplifier, it can be known that the drive steam pressure of the improved Rankine Cycle shall be 10 times or even higher than 10 times of the corresponding boiler’s pressure of Rankine Cycle. Under the condition that it could be realized, the higher it is, the better effects it will get. During the research on high-pressure boiler, especially to make the improvement of the boiler’s structure by being combined with aerodynamics, it shall take the relation between the dynamic pressure and static pressure into comprehensive consideration, to realize dynamic temperature rise and dynamic pressure rise, better control the technical difficulty of high-pressure boiler and reduce the manufacturing costs of high-pressure boiler.
3. 其它工质选择
3. Selection of Other Working Media
近年来，人们已经考虑采用水以外的工质实现郎肯循环，也就是选择沸点和临界温度较低或很低的物质（多是有机化合物），但是由于这些工质在自然界多数是不存在的，因此只能用于小系统，无法大量使用，因为一旦发生大规模泄漏，即便能自然分解，也对环境存在潜在威胁。但从某种角度来讲，说明人们已经开始思考传统产业的技术变革。
In recent years, people have considered to take the working media to replace water for Rankine Cycle, that is, to choose the subjects with relatively low or quite low boiling point and critical temperature (mostly organic compounds). However, due to that most of these working media do not exist in nature, they could just be used in small systems and could not be put into general application. Because once there is the massive leakage, even if they could decompose naturally, it would constitute potential threat to the environment. However, in a certain perspective, it suggests that people begin to think about the technological reform of traditional industry.
目前有人提出用液态空气代替水，对整个系统进行降温、保温，实现低温、超低温朗肯循环，采用自然界已有的热量作为能量来源使液态空气汽化膨胀。这个思路，如果和本循环结合，会大大降低液态空气的再液化量，使得新的工艺实用价值会大大提高，在储能发电、低温发电，甚至是环境热能发电技术上产生新的突破。
At present, it has been proposed to replace water with liquid air, to realize the temperature reduction and temperature conservation of the entire system, thus realizing the low-temperature and super-low-temperature Rankine Cycle, and vaporizing and swelling the liquid air by taking the existing heat in the natural world as the energy. If combining the idea with the cycle, it would largely decrease the reliquefaction quantity of the liquid air and tremendously improve the practical value of the new technology. It will become a new breakthrough in energy-storage power generation, low-temperature power generation and even the technology of environmental thermal power generation.
针对郎肯循环本身，这两百多年来也有很多细节的变化，各种回热、再热、过热手段均用于尽可能提高热-电转换效率和改善机组运行综合性能。这些努力在改进后的郎肯循环中也一样适用，在具体应用中也应该继续推广实施。
As for Rankine Cycle itself, there are the changes in many details for the more than two hundred years. The various means of backheating, reheating and overheating can all be used to improve the thermal electric conversion efficiency and improve the comprehensive performance of unit working as possible as they can. All these trials are applicable to the improved Rankine Cycle and shall be promoted and carried out in specific application.
二、 结束语
Seventh, Conclusion
本文提出一个新的蒸汽动力循环方式，并做了简单的分析和论证，希望能引起同行的关注，对其中的热力学、流体力学过程进行进一步研究分析，共同利用现有的跨行业、多学科的先进成果技术，对传统基础理论进行再认识、再发展。
In the paper, a new steam power cycle way has been presented, and the simple analysis and demonstration have been made, hoping to arouse the attention of people in the same industry, among which, further research and analysis has been made towards the relevant thermodynamic and hydromechanic processes. What’s more, the current cross-industrial multidisciplinary advanced technological achievements are commonly used, to recognize and redevelop the traditional fundamental theories.
从创新的角度，除了对郎肯循环理论进行发展研究意外，我们还应该对理论的应用同样进行突破和创新。这么多年来，火电厂越做越大、工作压力越来越高、能量越来越集中难以综合利用、系统造价急剧增加，这些是不是值得我们反向思考一下？如果我们每台工业锅炉、采暖锅炉都是一个小火电站，虽然发电效率并不一定很高，但都是先发电、后供暖，每个郎肯循环都实现全热利用，有必要造这么大的火电厂吗？有必要把电能、余热来回输送吗？
In the angle of innovation, besides researching and developing the theory of Rankine Cycle, we shall make the same breakthrough and innovation towards theoretical application. For these years, as more and more heat-engine plants have been established, the working pressure becomes higher and higher, the energies become more and more concentrated but harder to make comprehensive use of, and the costs of systems abruptly rise, don’t they deserve the reflection of human beings? If each industrial boiler or heating boiler is considered as a small heat-engine plant station and adheres to the working principle of electric generation first and heating after to make each Rankine Cycle realize all-heat utilization, even though the generating efficiency is not so high, is it necessary to build so many large heat-engine plant stations, or transmit the electric energies or waste heat back and forth?
长期以来，我们往往给定理、定律强加一些“习惯”、“必然”，比如，能量守恒定律让我们想当然认为能量的获得只有消耗能源才能获得，忽略了能量还可以用“热泵”技术实现高效率“借用”获得；卡诺循环关于热机做功效率的理论上限就想当然成了热能利用全系统的上限；蒸汽机、内燃机都是高温下工作，想当然认为只有人类感觉高温的热量能做功、低温热能不能做功，忽略了热和功的单位都是焦耳，没有温度标记，类似的情况比比皆是。我们应该打破自己内心的条条框框，还定理、定律的本来面目，进行新的理论的应用创新！
For such a long period of time, people usually forcefully treat the theorems and lawshabitually with some necessities, for example, when speaking of the Law of Conservation of Energy, people might come up with the idea that only by consuming energies can people obtain energies, which neglects that energies can be borrowed efficiently with heat pump technology; when speaking of theoretical upper limit of heat-engine power efficiency in Carnot cycle, people might take it for granted as the upper limit of heat energy utilization system; and when speaking of operating steam engines and internal combustion engines at high temperature, people might think that only the work can be done with the high-temperature heat engines sensed by human beings and the low-temperature heat energies could not do the work, which neglects that the units of heat and work are both Joules without temperature labels. The similar situations at too numerous to mention one by one. People shall break the fixed thinking pattern and treat theorems and laws in an innovative way, to make the application and innovation of new theories.
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